RDoC Snapshot: Version 4 (saved 5/30/18)
This is a snapshot of the RDoC matrix, and as such the links contained within may not work as future changes to the matrix may include removing or changing various elements of the matrix. This snapshot is intended simply to show what had been listed in the matrix at a previous time, and does not to contain any new information.
- Domain: Negative Valence Systems
- Construct: Acute Threat ("Fear")
Molecules
BDNF CCK Cortisol/Corticosterone CRF family Dopamine Endogenous cannabinoids FGF2 GABA Glutamate Neuropeptide S Neurosteroids NMDAR NPY Orexin Oxytocin Serotonin Vasopressin Cells
GABAergic cells Glia Neurons Pyramidal cells Circuits
autonomic nervous system BasAmyg Central Nucleus d-hippocampus (ant) dmPFC (pl) dorsal ACC dPAG Hypothalamus ICMs insular cortex LatAmyg latPFC/insula LC Medial Amyg OFC PAG Pons rostral/vent ACC RPVM v-hippocampus (post) vmPFC (il) vPAG Physiology
BP Context Startle EMG Eye Tracking Facial EMG Fear Potentiated Startle Heart Rate pupillometry Respiration Response accuracy Skin Conductance Behavior
Analgesia approach (early development) Avoidance Facial expressions Freezing Open field Response inhibition Response time Risk assessment Social approach Self-Report
Fear survey schedule SUDS Paradigms
Behavioral Approach Test CO2 Challenge Test Cold Pressor Test Fear conditioning Stranger Tests Trier Social Stress Test - Construct: Potential Threat ("Anxiety")
Molecules
Cortisol CRF family Cells
Pituitary cells Circuits
Bed nucleus of stria terminalis Physiology
ACTH Average cortisol levels Potentiated startle Self-Report
Anxiety Sensitivity Index BIS Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale LEDS Paradigms
NPU Threat Task - Construct: Sustained Threat
Molecules
ACTH CRF HPA-axis hormones Cells
Hippocampal Microglia prefrontal Circuits
Attention network Dysregulation of amygdala reactivity Dysregulation of cingulate reactivity Habit systems (Striatum/caudate/accumbens) Hypothalamic nuclei PVT Vigilance network Physiology
Dysregulated HPA axis Error-related negativity Behavior
Anhedonia/decreased appetitive behavior Anxious Arousal Attentional bias to threat Avoidance Decreased libido Helplessness behavior Increased conflict detection Increased perseverative behavior Memory retrieval deficits Punishment sensitivity Self-Report
Childhood Trauma Questionnaire LEDS Risky Families STRAIN TESI Youth Life Stress Interview - Construct: Loss
Molecules
Androgens CRH Estrogens Glucocorticoid receptors Inflammatory molecules Oxytocin Vasopressin Circuits
Amygdala Default mode network DLPFC Habit systems (Striatum/caudate/accumbens) Hippocampus Insula Orbitofrontal cortex Parietal cortex Posterior cingulate PVN Reward circuitry vmPFC Physiology
ANS HPA neuroimmune Prolonged psychophysiological reactivity Behavior
Amotivation Anhedonia Attentional bias to negative valenced information Crying Executive function Guilt Increased self-focus Loss of drive Loss-relevant recall bias Morbid Thoughts Psychomotor retardation Rumination Sadness Shame Withdrawal Worry Self-Report
LEDS STRAIN Paradigms
Sadness eliciting film clips - Construct: Frustrative Nonreward
Molecules
Dopamine GABA Glutamate Serotonin steroids Vasopressin Circuits
Amygdala Hypothalamus LC OFC PAG parasympathetic system Septum striatum Behavior
physical and relational aggression Self-Report
Frustrative Nonreward Responsiveness Subscale Questionnaire of Daily Frustrations Paradigms
Lab-TAB PSAP
- Construct: Acute Threat ("Fear")
- Domain: Positive Valence Systems
- Construct: Approach Motivation
- Subconstruct: Reward Valuation
Molecules
Dopamine Serotonin Circuits
Anterior medial OFC Cortico-limbic circuit Ventral limbic striatum (incl. ventral caudate) Ventral tegmental area/Substantia Nigra Self-Report
BAS reward sensitivity subscale Sensitivity to Reward sub scale of the Sensitivity to Reward and Sensitivity to Punishment questionnaire Paradigms
Delay discounting Probability Choice Task Willingness to Pay Task Paradigms can be explicit or implicit.
- Subconstruct: Effort Valuation / Willingness to Work
Molecules
Adenosine Dopamine GABA Circuits
Basolateral amygdala dorsal ACC Ventral pallidum Ventral striatum (nACC) VTA Self-Report
Drive subscale of the Behavioral Activation Scale Paradigms
EEfRT task - Subconstruct: Expectancy / Reward Prediction Error
Molecules
Dopamine Serotonin Circuits
Amygdala Basal ganglia dorsal ACC Lateral habenula Orbitofrontal cortex Rostral medial tegmentum Substantia nigra/VTA Ventral striatum Physiology
Cortical slow waves Heart Rate Change Skin Conductance Behavior
Goal tracking Pavlovian approach Reward-related speeding Sign tracking Self-Report
Affective forecasting ASAM scale Eating Expectancy Inventory Generalized reward and punishment expectancy scale Self-report of craving TEPS anticipatory scale Paradigms
Drifting Double Bandit Rutledge Passive Lottery Task - Subconstruct: Action Selection / Preference-Based Decision Making
Circuits
Amygdala
- Subconstruct: Reward Valuation
- Construct: Initial Responsiveness to Reward Attainment
Molecules
CREB Endocannabinoids FosB Glutamate Mu and delta opioid Orexin Circuits
Anterior insula dorsal ACC Lateral hypothalamus Medial OFC Nucleus accumbens Ventral pallidum Ventromedial PFC VTA Behavior
Taste reactivity Self-Report
Consummatory subscale of TEPS PANAS (state version) Paradigms
Simple Guessing Task - Construct: Sustained/Longer-Term Responsiveness to Reward Attainment
Molecules
Dopamine Endocannabinoids Opioid Orexin Serotonin Circuits
Arcuate nucleus BA9/medial Medial preoptic area OFC Paraventricular hypothalamus Ventromedial hypothalamus Physiology
GLP1 Gonadal hormones Peripheral endocannabinoids PYY Vagus nerve stimulation (CCK) Behavior
Cessation of consumption/meal termination Meal pattern analysis Nipple refusal Satiety sequence Self-Report
Drug effects questionnaire Loss of control scale Reward responsiveness subscale of BIS/BAS Visual analog scales of satiety - Construct: Reward Learning
Molecules
Acetylcholine Co-released neuromodular glutamate CREB dopamine and dopamine-related molecules FosB Cells
Dopaminergic neurons medium spiny neurons Circuits
Amygdala dorsal striatum Medial prefrontal OFC Ventral striatum VTA/SN Physiology
Correct related negativity Error related negativity Feedback related negativity Midline theta Behavior
Approach behaviors Consummatory behaviors toward any goal object Self-Report
Ambulatory assessment and monitoring Ecological momentary assessment Paradigms
Drifting Double Bandit Pavlovian conditioning Probabilistic Reward Task Probabilistic Stimulus Selection Task - Construct: Habit
Molecules
Acetylcholine Co-released neuromodular glutamate CREB dopamine and dopamine-related molecules FosB Cells
Dopaminergic neurons medium spiny neurons Substantia Nigra Circuits
dorsal striatum Medial prefrontal SN/VTA Ventral striatum Behavior
Compulsive behaviors Repetitive behaviors Stereotypic behaviors Self-Report
Aberrant behaviors checklist Measures of repetitive behaviors Paradigms
Devaluation task Habit Learning Task Habit Task
- Construct: Approach Motivation
- Domain: Cognitive Systems
- Construct: Attention
Molecules
Implementation
GABA GlutamateControl
Acetylcholine Dopamine Glutamate Histamine SerotoninCells
Parvalbumin-positive interneurons Circuits
Balance between task positive network (TPN) vs DMN Implementation
local circuit interactions pulvinar TRNControl
Amygdala ascending/descending information pathwaysAttentional Systems
basal forebrain limbic system Dorsal attention network Ventral attention networkPhysiology
fMRI
Sensory areas from peripheral to centralAuditory ERP
N1 N2 Neural oscillations P1 P300 processing negativityVisual ERP
N2pc negativity (SN) Neural oscillations P300 Selection modulations of sensory ERP components slow wavesPeripheral Physiology
Heart rate deceleration Pupil dilationBehavior
ANT task distractibility Attentional lapses vs sustained attention Distractibility Object/feature attention Psychophysics Spatial attention Paradigms
attentional blink and psychological refractory period paradigm blocked channel-selection tasks dichotic listening distraction paradigms (capture) Dual Task Paradigms inter-modal selective attention spatial and non-spatial cuing paradigms, time-series of response times to extract variability and frequency domain analyses visual search Target detection tasks in the absence of competition are considered measues of sustained attention, and not selective or divided attention, which are subsumed under cog control
- Construct: Perception
- Subconstruct: Visual Perception
Molecules
ACH Catecholamines GABA Glutamate NMDA Peptides Serotonin Cells
Magno (non-linear gain control) Parvalbumin-positive interneurons Parvo Pyramidal cells Circuits
Subcortical
Koniocellular Magnocellular ParvocellularCortical
Cortico-cortical connections into supra- and infra-granular layers Dorsal/ventral streamsNon-retinogeniculate
Superior colliculus Suprachiasmatic nucleusLocal circuitry
Lateral interactions Top-down interactionsImplicated in contextual fields and association fields (responsible for the influence of spatial context on target processing)
Physiology
Adaptation/ habituation BOLD activation of cortical regions ERP components Ncl Oscillations (scalp EEG, LFP, and single/multi-unit) ssVEP tVEP Behavior
Discrimination, identification and localization Perceptual learning Perceptual priming Reading Stimulus detection Visual acuity Self-Report
Perceptual anomalies of schizophrenia and depression Paradigms
Scheme 1: Stages of Vision
Early Vision
Local computations Retinotopic representationsIntermediate Vision
Nonlocal properties of images Transformations beyond retinotopic representationsLate Vision
Representations of external objectsScheme 2: Commonly Used Research Paradigms
Backward masking Biological motion processing Bistability Coherent motion Contour integration/interpolation Contrast sensitivity Cross modality paradigms Emotion expression identification Face identification Figure ground Lateral facilitation Multistability Object perception Object recognition/perceptual closure/perceptual organization Parallel/serial search Reading Vernier discrimination Visual illusion susceptibilityOther Schemes
Action-Perception loops Re-entrant processing - Subconstruct: Auditory Perception
Molecules
Acetylcholine GABA Glutamate NMDA Serotonin Cells
Cochlear hair cells Cortical and limbic inhibitory interneurons Ribbon synapses Circuits
Nodes in Circuits
A1 Anterior insula Brainstem Cochlea Inferior colliculus MGN STGCircuits
Corticofugal Dorsal/ventral streamsPhysiology
Adaptation/ habituation Auditory steady-state response (ASSR) fMRI Intracortical EEG Metabolic changes Mismatch negativity (MMN) N1 Neural oscillations P3a P50 startle and PPI Behavior
Perceptual identification Perceptual learning Perceptual priming Spatial localization Stimulus detection Self-Report
Auditory hallucinations Hyperacusis Paradigms
Action-Perception loops Auditory masking auditory scene perception (e.g., streaming) Bistability Categorization Cross-modal interactions Detection of speech in noise Deviance detection Gating inhibitory control Manipulation of ISI and/or intensity McGurk (multisensory) novelty/oddball detection Object perception Regularity and change detection same-different tasks self-monitoring tone detection (e.g., JND tasks) Tone matching - Subconstruct: Olfactory/Somatosensory/Multimodal/Perception
Paradigms
Manipulation of ISI and/or intensity smell identification
- Subconstruct: Visual Perception
- Construct: Declarative Memory
Molecules
Cholinergic Glutamatergic Noradrenergic Opioid Cells
Glia Granule cells Inhibitory and excitatory interneurons Pyramidal cells Circuits
Extrinsic hippocampal circuitry Intrinsic hippocampal circuitry PFC and PPC interactions with multiple association cortices Physiology
AMPA-related synaptic plasticity conjunction codes frontal/temporal coordinated oscillations LTP/LTD NMDA-related synaptic plasticity place cell activity subsequent memory effect (fMRI, ERP) up/down states Behavior
Discrimination Familiarity Learning Recall Recognition Self-Report
Cognitive Assessment Interview Paradigms
acquired equivalence delayed recall list and story learning Paired associate learning transitive inference - Construct: Language
Circuits
Inferior frontal cortex Inferior parietal cortex Inferior temporal cortex Lateral superior and middle temporal cortices Overlap with memory, motor, sensory, and emotional circuits Physiology
anterior negativities N400 P600/late positivities Behavior
Coherent discourse Coherent sentences Production and comprehension of words Self-Report
Cognitive Assessment Interview Paradigms
Language Production
Linguistic corpus-based analyses of language output NamingLanguage Comprehension
Ability to answer questions about the content of sentences and discourse Ability to distinguish between coherent and incoherent sentences and discourse Detection and classification of semantic relationships between words Listening and reading times to critical words and regions in linguistic input Patterns of eye movements (in eye tracking paradigms) or motor movements (in mouse tracking paradigms) to critical words and regions in linguistic input Patterns of eye movements to non-verbal visual stimuli during spoken language comprehension (the visual world paradigm)Experimental Manipulations
Manipulations of different types of coherence and cohesion between clauses in discourse Manipulations of different types of relationships between individual words in priming paradigms Manipulations of predictability and acceptability, at different levels of representation, in a linguistic input Manipulations of relationships between language and non-verbal behaviors - Construct: Cognitive Control
- Subconstruct: Goal Selection; Updating, Representation, and Maintenance
Goal Selection
Circuits
Frontopolar/Anterior LPFC (BA10) Inhibition of DMN Self-Report
BRIEF (Gioa) Paradigms
Badre tasks Koechlin paradigm Task switching Updating, Representation, and Maintenance
Molecules
ACH GABA Glutamate Norepinephrine Cells
PV Pyramidal cells Circuits
DLPFC PPC Thalamocortical Physiology
Gamma synchrony Pupilometry Behavior
Distractibility Off-task behaviors Self-Report
BRIEF (Gioa) Cognitive Failures Questionnaire SANS/SAPS/PANSS Paradigms
AX paradigms Cued stimulus-response reversal tasks Task switching Tower tasks - Subconstruct: Response Selection; Inhibition/Suppression
Response Selection
Molecules
ACH GABA Glutamate Norepinephrine Cells
PV Pyramidal cells Circuits
DLPFC PPC VLPFC Physiology
Gamma Theta Behavior
Impulsive behaviors Self-Report
BRIEF (Gioa) SANS/SAPS/PANSS Paradigms
Flanker Simon Stroop Inhibition/Suppression
Molecules
Acetylcholine Dopamine GABA Glutamate Norepinephrine Cells
Pyramidal cells Circuits
BA6/8 (FEF) PPC Pre-SMA Ventrofronto-striatal Physiology
Alpha Pupilometry Short interval cortical inhibition (TMS) Behavior
Distractibility Impulsive behaviors Off-task behaviors Self-Report
ADHD Rating Scale (Dupaul) ATQ/CBQ Effortful Control BRIEF (Gioa) Conners impulsivity scale Paradigms
Antisaccade Conflicting and contralateral motor response task Countermanding Go/Nogo Motor persistence paradigms (e.g. NEPSY statue task) Stimulus-Resp Incompat Stop-Signal Reaction Time - Subconstruct: Performance Monitoring
Molecules
5HT Dopamine Circuits
ACC / pre-SMA Insula Physiology
ERN N2 N450 Behavior
Post-error or post-conflict adjustments in performance Self-Report
YBOCS total score Paradigms
Flanker Simon Stroop
- Subconstruct: Goal Selection; Updating, Representation, and Maintenance
- Construct: Working Memory
- Subconstruct: Active Maintenance
Molecules
D1 Dopamine GABA Glutamate NMDA Cells
Distinct types of inhibitory neurons Pyramidal cells Circuits
Inferior Parietal PFC-parietal-cingulate-dorsal thalamus-dorsal striatum VLPFC Physiology
Delta Gamma waves Theta waves Paradigms
AX-CPT/DPX Change detection tasks Complex Span tasks delayed match to non sample delayed match to sample keep track task Letter memory/running memory Letter Number Sequencing N-back Self-Ordered Pointing sequence encoding and reproduction Simple Span Tasks Sternberg Item Recognition - Subconstruct: Flexible Updating
Molecules
D2 Dopamine GABA Glutamate Cells
Medium Spiny Neurons (basal ganglia) Circuits
DLPFC dorsal striatum MD PFC-parietal-cingulate-dorsal thalamus-dorsal striatum VA thalamus Physiology
Delta Gamma waves Theta waves Paradigms
AX-CPT/DPX Complex Span tasks keep track task Letter memory/running memory Letter Number Sequencing N-back Self-Ordered Pointing Sternberg Item Recognition - Subconstruct: Limited Capacity
Molecules
D1 D2 Dopamine GABA Glutamate Circuits
DLPFC Dorsal Parietal Inferior Parietal MD PFC-parietal-cingulate-dorsal thalamus-dorsal striatum VA thalamus VLPFC Physiology
Delta Gamma waves Theta waves Paradigms
AX-CPT/DPX Change detection tasks Complex Span tasks delayed match to non sample delayed match to sample keep track task Letter memory/running memory Letter Number Sequencing N-back Self-Ordered Pointing sequence encoding and reproduction Simple Span Tasks Sternberg Item Recognition - Subconstruct: Interference Control
Molecules
D1 D2 Dopamine GABA Glutamate Cells
Calbindin Calretinin Distinct types of inhibitory neurons Parvalbumin Circuits
DLPFC PFC-parietal-cingulate-dorsal thalamus-dorsal striatum Physiology
Delta Gamma waves Theta waves Paradigms
Complex Span tasks delayed match to non sample delayed match to sample keep track task Letter memory/running memory Letter Number Sequencing N-back Self-Ordered Pointing Simple Span Tasks Sternberg Item Recognition
- Subconstruct: Active Maintenance
- Construct: Attention
- Domain: Social Processes
- Construct: Affiliation and Attachment
Molecules
3CRF CRFR2 D1 Dopamine KOR Mu opioid receptor Oxytocin oxytocin receptor Vasopressin vasopressin 1a receptor Cells
Magnocellular OT Circuits
Amygdala BNST FF gyrus NAcc OFC PVN VMPFC VTA- NAcc- VP-amygdala Physiology
activation of sympathetic activity HPA axis activation HPA down-regulation Immune markers immune responses (“sickness”) Sex steroid changes Vagal tone vagal withdrawal Behavior
Attachment Formation
Maintaining proximity Preference for individualAttachment Maintenance
Distress upon separationSelf-Report
Adult Attachment Interview Attachment Questionnaire for Children Scale Attachment Style interview Bartholomew and Shaver Bereavement scales Experience in Close Relationships Scale Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment Scale Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Parental Bonding Instrument QSORT Parent Attachment interview Social Anhedonia scale Social subscales of depression Paradigms
Cyberball One-armed Bandit Task - Construct: Social Communication
- Subconstruct: Reception of Facial Communication
Molecules
Dopamine FMRP GABA Oxytocin Serotonin Testosterone Vasopressin Cells
Face selective neurons Mirror neurons Circuits
amygdala-brainstem IFG-INS-amygdala/VS OFC-ACC-amygdala-striatum Resting state networks V1-FFA-STS-amygdala V1-FFA-STS-VS Physiology
ECoG frontal brain asymmetry Facial EMG HR/BP/respiration Local cerebral blood flow changes N170 N250 Network dynamics Pupil dilation SCR Startle reflex Behavior
Behavioral observation/coding systems Eye gaze detection Identification of emotion Implicit mimicry Scanning patterns Self-Report
Arousal ratings Face dimensional rating scales Paradigms
Gaze Cuing Penn Emotion Recognition (ER-40) - Subconstruct: Production of Facial Communication
Molecules
AP Contactin Circuits
Eye Movements
PPC-SC-SNc-SEF-FEF-CBFacial Expression
Regions including PAG, ACPhysiology
Facial EMG HR variability NIRS Photoplethysmography (skin color measure of capillary dilation; temperature) Pupil dilation SC Tear production Behavior
Behavioral observation/coding systems Eye gaze aversion/contact Facial affect production Head turning Imitation of facial gestures Joint attention Reciprocal emotional expression Reciprocal eye contact Self-Report
Berkeley Expressivity Questionnaire - Subconstruct: Reception of Non-Facial Communication
Molecules
Oxytocin Vasopressin Circuits
A1-RSTG MPFC STS VLPFC Physiology
EEG features e.g., evoked gamma Local cerebral blood flow changes Network dynamics Behavior
Comprehension of emotional prosody Comprehension of non-verbal gestures Humor comprehension Irony/sarcasm comprehension Metaphor comprehension Self-Report
Social Responsiveness Scale Paradigms
Multimodal Social Paradigms - Subconstruct: Production of Non-Facial Communication
Circuits
R-IFG-RSTG Songbird circuits Behavior
Crying/laughing Gestural/postural expressions Interactive play Response to distress/separation distress Speech (affective) prosody Vocalizations Self-Report
Social Responsiveness Scale Paradigms
Multimodal Social Paradigms
- Subconstruct: Reception of Facial Communication
- Construct: Perception and Understanding of Self
- Subconstruct: Agency
Circuits
Right insula-right inferior frontal Right parietal SMA-somatosensory-premotor Physiology
Scalp Motor Potentials Behavior
Delusions of control Evidence that one understands ownership of one’s own body parts or action (thoughts/behaviors) Hallucinations Self-Report
Perceptual Aberration Scale - Subconstruct: Self-Knowledge
Cells
Von Economo neurons Circuits
left inferior frontal cortex MPFC posterior cingulate/precuneus ventral anterior cingulate (valence specific) Physiology
P300s to self-relevant stimuli Behavior
Developmentally appropriate perception of one’s competences, skills, abilities beliefs, intentions, desires, and/or emotional states Self-Report
Levels of Emotional Awareness Private Self-Consciousness Self Components of Attributional Styles Questionnaire Self-monitoring scale Toronto Alexithymia scale Paradigms
Self-Referential Memory Paradigm
- Subconstruct: Agency
- Construct: Perception and Understanding of Others
- Subconstruct: Animacy Perception
Circuits
extrastriate body area fusiform face area occipital face area STS Physiology
MU Suppression Behavior
Ability to appropriately attribute animacy to other agents Paradigms
Point Light Displays of Biological Motion - Subconstruct: Action Perception
Cells
Mirror neurons Circuits
Inferior Parietal STS ventral/dorsal premotor Physiology
cortico-spinal facilitation (TMS) MU Suppression Behavior
Ability to identify what actions an agent is executing Gaze following Imitation Mimicry Self-Report
Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale Empathy Quotient Perspective Taking and Empathic Concern subscales of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index Paradigms
How/Why Task - Subconstruct: Understanding Mental States
Molecules
Oxytocin Vasopressin Circuits
MPFC precuneus STS temporal pole TPJ Behavior
Developmentally appropriate interpretations of other intentions, goals and beliefs Self-Report
Balanced Emotional Empathy Scale Empathy Quotient Other components of Attributional Styles Questionnaires Perspective Taking and Empathic Concern subscales of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index Paradigms
Hinting Task Reading the Mind in the Eyes
- Subconstruct: Animacy Perception
- Construct: Affiliation and Attachment
- Domain: Arousal and Regulatory Systems
- Construct: Arousal
Molecules
Acetylcholine CRF Cytokines Dopamine GABA Ghrelin Glutamate Histamine Hypocretin/Orexin Leptin Neuropeptide Y Norepinephrine Opioid Oxytocin Serotonin Vasopressin Cells
Basal Forebrain Nuclei Central Nucleus Amygdala Dorsal Raphe Lateral, perifornical, and dorsomedial hypothalamus LDT Locus Coeruleus PPT Tuberomammillary Nucleus Ventral Tegmental Area Circuits
Basal forebrain nuclei to cortical circuits Brainstem monoaminergic and cholinergic projections to basal forebrain Central Amygdala to monoaminergic and basal forebrain cholinergic nuclei Cholinergic and monoaminergic nuclei projections to thalamic and cortical Circadian and Sleep-related circuits modulate arousal and are modulated by arousal Cortical circuits such as fronto-insular and dorsal anterior cingulate Hypothalamic to thalamic and cortical circuits Projections to midbrain and pontine monoaminergic and cholinergic nuclei Reciprocal hypothalamic Reciprocal NTS-Central N. Amygdala Reciprocoal cholinergic and monoaminergic projection Physiology
EEG EMG ERP fMRI Neural activity Sex-Specific differences in arousal Autonomic
Blood pressure Breathing Galvanic skin response Heart Rate Pupil sizeHPA axis
ACTH CRF GlucocorticoidsBehavior
Affective states Agitation Cognition Emotional Reactivity Eye Blink Motivated Behavior Motor Activity Sensory Reactivity Startle Waking Self-Report
ADACL POMS arousal subscale Self-assessment Mannequin Paradigms
Cardiac Pre-ejection Period Electrodermal Responding Heart rate variability (HRV) Psychomotor Vigilance Task Pupillometry - Construct: Circadian Rhythms
Molecules
Input
5HT Dopamine GABA Glutamate Melanopsin NPY PACAP Substance PSCN Synchronizing and Modulating Agents
AVP Calbindin cAMP cGMP NO Steroid hormones VIPOutput
AVP Cortisol GABA Melatonin VIPCells
Fibroblasts ipRGC medium spiny neurons Pars tuberalis cells Pineal cells rods and cones SCN “clock” cells Circuits
Input
Raphe to SCN projection Retinal cells Retino-hypothalamic tract Retinogeniculate tractOutput
Basolateral amygdala/ Hippocampus Central extended amygdala (central nucleus of the amygdala / Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis) HPA axis Hypothalamic neuroendocrine cell groups Hypothalamic orexin projections PVN, DMH, subparaventricular zone, PVT SCN/PVN/SCG/pineal Sympathetic / parasympathetic nervous systemIntrinsic to SCN
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) core/shellSeasonal
SCN/PVN/SCG/pinealPhysiology
Gene expression Neural activity Neural transmitters Behavior
Drive-regulated behaviors Locomotor activity Masking Neurobehavioral functions Sleep-rated and waking behaviors Sleep-wake Self-Report
Diary-based measures of daily regularity/ rhythmicity (e.g., Social Rhythm Metric) Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire Munich Chronotype Questionnaire Phase, diurnal preference, chronotype (e.g., Horne-Ostberg, CTQ) Sleepiness, alertness, well-being, mood Paradigms
Dim Light Melatonin Onset (DLMO, phase estimate) Longitudinal Actigraphy Genetic Approaches – genome-wide association study, candidate gene, epigenomics, circadian genomics (temporal gene expression), mutagenesis, gene targeting, quantitative trait loci.
- Construct: Sleep-Wakefulness
Molecules
Acetylcholine Adenosine CRF Cytokines Dopamine GABA Galanin Glutamate Histamine Hypocretin/Orexin Norepinephrine NPY Serotonin Vasopressin Cells
Anterior hypothalamus and basal forebrain Brainstem (e.g., LC, Raphe, LDT/PPT, VTA) Lateral and perifornical hypothalamus Posterior hypothalamus (TMN) Thalamus (median thalamic nuclei, reticular nucleus) Circuits
Sleep
NREM (Forebrain)
Basal forebrain and anterior hypothalamus projections to arousal promoting cell groups ThalamocorticalREM (Brainstem)
Mesopontine nucleiWakefulness
Arousal and Circadian Rhythms circuits also subserve wakefulness.
Physiology
Brain metabolic activity Capacity for wakefulness under low stimulation EEG sleep spindles EEG slow waves EEG theta rhythms EMG EOG NREM sleep and REM sleep Physiologic measures of sleepiness, homeostatic sleep drive during waking Sex-specific sleep physiology sleep hormones sleep latency Temporal and topographic organization of homeostatic sleep drive during sleep Temporal and topographic organization of sleep dynamics wakefulness Behavior
Co-sleeping Intermediate/ admixed sleep-wake states Motor behaviors during sleep Rest-activity patterns Sensory arousal threshold Sex-specific sleep behaviors Sleep Sleep deprivation and satiation Sleep inertia Sleep timing and variability Sleep-dependent neurobehavioral functions Wakefulness Self-Report
Alertness Dream reports Fatigue Insomnia Severity Index Sleep quality, restoration, quantity Sleep timing Sleep-modulated symptoms sleepiness Specific sleep symptoms Paradigms
Finger Tapping Motor Sequence Task Latency to persistent sleep Multiple sleep latency testing Non-REM Sleep EEG slow wave activity Sleep Spindles Total sleep time Wake time after sleep onset
- Construct: Arousal